letter-frequency cryptanalysis - ορισμός. Τι είναι το letter-frequency cryptanalysis
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Τι (ποιος) είναι letter-frequency cryptanalysis - ορισμός

STUDY OF THE FREQUENCY OF LETTERS OR GROUPS OF LETTERS IN A CIPHERTEXT
Frequency Analysis; Etaoi; Frequency analysis (cryptanalysis); Letter frequency analysis
  • First page of [[Al-Kindi]]'s 9th century ''Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages''
  • Part of the cryptogram in ''The Dancing Men''
  • A typical distribution of letters in [[English language]] text. Weak ciphers do not sufficiently mask the distribution, and this might be exploited by a cryptanalyst to read the message.
  • Letter frequency in Spanish
  • [[Arabic Letter Frequency]] distribution

Frequency analysis         
In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.
Letter frequency         
  • The [[California Job Case]] was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters
  • Keyboard used for a long period by an English speaker: the letters E, O, T, H, A, S, I, N, R show substantial wear; some wear is visible on D, L, U, Y, M, W, F, G, C, B, P; and little or none on K, V, J, Q, X, Z.
HOW OFTEN EACH LETTER APPEARS ON AVERAGE IN A WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Frequency of letters; Letter distribution; Most common letters; Letter frequencies; Letter frequency in English; Letter Frequency; English letter frequency; Character frequency
Letter frequency is the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c.
Arabic letter frequency         
  • Table 2: The Arabic alphabet, with modified letters lumped onto their primary forms.
  • Table 1: The Arabic alphabet. Letters 1 to 28 are the primary letters. Letters 29 to 36 are the modified letters.
  • Letter frequency distribution for the counted letters: Histogram data sorted on frequency.
  • Figure 1: Arabic characters that can be produced using the [[Arabic Letter Keyboard Intellark]].
DISTRIBUTION OF LETTERS IN A TYPICAL ARABIC TEXT
User:Einasmadi/arabic-letter-frequency; Arabic Letter Frequency; Letter frequency in Arabic
The frequency of letters in text has often been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular.

Βικιπαίδεια

Frequency analysis

In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.

Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of written language, certain letters and combinations of letters occur with varying frequencies. Moreover, there is a characteristic distribution of letters that is roughly the same for almost all samples of that language. For instance, given a section of English language, E, T, A and O are the most common, while Z, Q, X and J are rare. Likewise, TH, ER, ON, and AN are the most common pairs of letters (termed bigrams or digraphs), and SS, EE, TT, and FF are the most common repeats. The nonsense phrase "ETAOIN SHRDLU" represents the 12 most frequent letters in typical English language text.

In some ciphers, such properties of the natural language plaintext are preserved in the ciphertext, and these patterns have the potential to be exploited in a ciphertext-only attack.